1 Virology and Experimental Therapy Laboratory, Aggeu Magalh

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Liciana Xavier Eurico de Alencar , 1 Ulisses de Mendonça olive tree images Braga-Neto , 2 Eduardo José Moura do Nascimento , 3 Marli Tenório Cordeiro , 1,4 Ana Maria Silva , 1 Carlos Alexandre Antunes de Brito , 5 Maria da Paz Carvalho da Silva , 6 Laura Helena Vega Gonzales Gil , 1 Silvia Maria Lucena Montenegro , 7 and Ernesto Torres olive tree images de Azevedo Marques Júnior 1,3
1 Virology and Experimental Therapy Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fiocruz, Avenida Moraes Rego s/n, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3128 TAMU, Station College Station, olive tree images TX 77843-3128, USA 3 Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Biomedical Science Tower 3, Room 9022, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA 4 Central Laboratory of Public Health, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Pernambuco, Praça Oswaldo Cruz s/n, Boa Vista, 50050-210 Recife, PE, Brazil 5 Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Clínica Médica, Avenida Morais Rego s/n, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil 6 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, olive tree images Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Moraes Rêgo 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil 7 Departamento de Imunologia do Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-CPqAM, Fiocruz, Avenida Moraes Rego s/n, Campus da UFPE, Cidade olive tree images Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles have been correlated with susceptibility or resistance to severe dengue; however, olive tree images few immunogenetic studies have been performed in Latin American (LA) populations. We have conducted immunogenetic studies of HLA class I and II alleles olive tree images in a cohort of 187 patients olive tree images with DENV-3 infection and confirmed clinical diagnosis of either severe dengue, known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), or the less severe form, dengue fever (DF), in Recife, Pernambuco, olive tree images Brazil. An association analysis was performed using Fisher’s association test, with odds ratios (ORs) calculated using conditional maximum likelihood estimates. HLA-B*44 ( , OR = 2.025, 95% CI = 0.97–4.24) was found to be associated with increased susceptibility olive tree images to DHF in response to DENV-3 infection. In addition, HLA-B*07 ( , OR = 0.501, one-sided olive tree images 95% CI = 0–0.99) and HLA-DR*13 ( , OR = 0.511, one-sided 95% CI = 0–0.91) were found to be associated with resistance to secondary dengue infection by DENV-3. These results suggest that HLA-B*44 supertype alleles and their respective T-cell responses might be involved olive tree images in susceptibility to severe dengue infections, whereas the HLA-B*07 supertype alleles and DR*13 might be involved in cross-dengue serotype immunity. 1. Introduction olive tree images
Dengue virus (DENV) has four serotypes, named as DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. The majority of dengue infections olive tree images are subclinical; however, the clinical manifestations of dengue infection range from the benign, self-limited dengue fever (DF) to a vasculopathy syndrome known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) that can lead to hypovolemic dengue shock syndrome (DSS). It is often observed in epidemiological studies that the more severe illness occurs more frequently in secondary heterotypic dengue infection [ 1 – 7 ]. There are two main hypotheses to explain olive tree images the higher frequency of DHF in secondary infections. The first is that heterotypic antibodies would bind to the dengue virus and would facilitate the viral entry into cells expressing Fc receptors; olive tree images this theory is known as antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) [ 8 , 9 ]. The second hypothesis olive tree images is that anti-dengue memory T cells that cross-react with related but altered peptide epitopes would induce the T cells to produce abnormal levels of cytokines leading to vasculopathy. This theory is known as “original antigenic sin” (OAS) or “altered peptide ligand” (APL). The theories are not mutually exclusive, and both are based on the fact that previous olive tree images dengue infection is a risk factor olive tree images for developing more severe disease. However, 99% or more of the secondary dengue infections are benign, suggesting that host and virological genetic factors may be also involved.
The geographic distribution of the DENV and the incidence of the viral infection have grown fast in recent decades, olive tree images and dengue fever is considered to be one of the most importa